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Convertible Notes in Early-Stage Financing
Loutskina, Elena; Chaplinsky, SusanTechnical Note DARDEN-F-2063-EFinanceThis technical note introduces convertible note financing for early-stage start-up companies. These unpriced securities offer significant advantages related to delayed valuation, greater speed, and lower cost of completion compared to venture capital financing. As a result, the number of early-stage companies raising capital through convertible notes over the past decade has greatly increased. The note discusses the most frequently used terms an...Starting at €8.20
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Valuing the Early-Stage Company
Chaplinsky, Susan; Reed, BrendanTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1471-EFinanceThis note covers several frequently used methods to value early-stage companies and discusses some of the issues and difficulties encountered more generally in valuing privately held assets. The basic assumptions underlying the venture capital and the discounted cash flow methods of valuation are discussed in detail. In addition, the note attempts to provide some direction in making the appropriate tradeoffs between the guidance provided by finan...Starting at €8.20
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Valuation of Late-Stage Companies and Buyouts
Chaplinsky, Susan; Khetrepal, ShikhaTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1639-EFinanceThis note focuses on the valuation of late-stage companies with a particular emphasis on leveraged buyouts (LBOs). In addition to LBOs, late-stage investments can arise in situations involving growth equity, turnarounds, mezzanine investments, and distressed debt. In contrast to venture capital, where firms are typically at an early stage of development, late-stage investments involve more established businesses that have an ability to take on hi...Starting at €8.20
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Assessing Private Equity Performance
Chaplinsky, Susan; Loutskina, ElenaTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1895-EFinanceAssessing the performance of private equity (PE) and venture capital (VC) investment vehicles is a challenging task. It starts with the fact that the assets are privately held and illiquid. By contrast, PE valuations are determined in a vast open market populated largely by disinterested investors acting on publicly available information. As PE and VC have grown as asset classes, investors have pushed for greater disclosure and more standardizati...Starting at €8.20
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Convertible Notes: A Form of Early-Stage Financing
Chaplinsky, Susan; Becker, Joseph M.Technical Note DARDEN-F-1925-EFinanceConvertible notes are often used to raise early-stage financing for start-up companies, frequently due to their advantages related to delayed valuation, greater speed, and lower cost of completion compared to venture capital financing. As a result, there has been a large increase in the number of early-stage companies raising capital through convertible notes over the past decade. Investors have made this form of financing more available, believi...Starting at €8.20
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The Shelf Registration Process
Chaplinsky, SusanTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1701-EFinanceThis note covers U.S. SEC Rule 415, more widely known as shelf registration. It briefly discusses the rationale and historical origins of the rule in 1982 and then discusses several reforms-the introduction of universal registration statements in 1992 and well-known seasoned issuers in 2005-which have greatly expanded shelf-registered equity issuance. The more frequent use of shelf registration has led to the development of alternative methods of...Starting at €8.20
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The High-Yield Debt Market
Chaplinsky, SusanTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1702-EFinanceHigh-yield debt is an important provider of financing for a broad range of corporate purposes. This note discusses the basic features of high-yield debt, some of its advantages and disadvantages, and the market in which it is primarily issued in the United States: the Rule 144A market. Because the market serves more speculative and volatile companies, the characteristics of the debt differ in pricing, availability, and risk compared with investme...Starting at €8.20
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Note on Master Limited Partnerships
Chaplinsky, Susan; Simkins, Betty J.; Titman, SheridanTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1828-EFinanceMaster limited partnerships (MLPs) are limited partnerships that trade on public exchanges in the form of units, similar to common stock. MLPs have several advantages relative to traditional C corporations (C-corps) that have resulted in their frequent use to finance energy-infrastructure assets. The general partners (GPs) retain control of the assets placed in the MLP, can drop down assets to the MLP, often at advantageous prices, and receive in...Starting at €8.20
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Valuing Late-Stage Companies and Leveraged Buyouts
Chaplinsky, SusanTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1846-EFinanceThis note replaces "Valuation of Late-Stage Companies and Buyouts" (UVA-F-1639). This note focuses on the valuation of late-stage companies with a particular emphasis on leveraged buyouts (LBOs). In contrast to venture capital, where firms are typically at an early stage of development, late-stage investments involve more-established businesses that have an ability to take on higher levels of debt to augment investor returns. The note provides a ...Starting at €8.20
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The Basics of Private Equity Funds
Chaplinsky, SusanTechnical Note DARDEN-F-1731-EFinancePrivate equity (PE) refers to illiquid investments or securities that are not publicly traded on an exchange, such as venture capital, mezzanine or distressed debt, leveraged buyouts, timber, oil and gas properties, and real estate. A limited partnership agreement (LPA) defines the terms of the relationship between the general partners (GPs) and the limited partners (LPs). The structure and compensation arrangements used by PE firms are highly st...Starting at €8.20